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滤波器设计教程

作者: Moto Hira

本教程演示如何创建基本的数字滤波器(脉冲响应)及其特性。

我们将基于窗函数-Sinc 核和频率采样方法探讨低通、高通和带通滤波器。

警告

本教程需要原型 DSP 功能,这些功能在 nightly 版本中可用。

请参阅 https://pytorch.ac.cn/get-started/locally 获取安装 nightly 版本的说明。

import torch
import torchaudio

print(torch.__version__)
print(torchaudio.__version__)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
2.5.0
2.5.0
from torchaudio.prototype.functional import frequency_impulse_response, sinc_impulse_response

窗函数-Sinc 滤波器

Sinc 滤波器 是一种理想化的滤波器,它可以在不影响较低频率的情况下消除高于截止频率的频率。

Sinc 滤波器在解析解中具有无限的滤波器宽度。在数值计算中,Sinc 滤波器无法精确表示,因此需要进行近似。

窗函数-Sinc 有限冲激响应是 Sinc 滤波器的近似值。它是通过首先评估给定截止频率的 Sinc 函数,然后截断滤波器裙边,并应用一个窗口(例如汉明窗)来减少截断引入的伪影来获得的。

sinc_impulse_response() 为给定的截止频率生成窗函数-Sinc 脉冲响应。

低通滤波器

脉冲响应

创建 Sinc IR 就像将截止频率值传递给 sinc_impulse_response() 一样简单。

cutoff = torch.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 9)
irs = sinc_impulse_response(cutoff, window_size=513)

print("Cutoff shape:", cutoff.shape)
print("Impulse response shape:", irs.shape)
Cutoff shape: torch.Size([9])
Impulse response shape: torch.Size([9, 513])

让我们可视化生成的脉冲响应。

def plot_sinc_ir(irs, cutoff):
    num_filts, window_size = irs.shape
    half = window_size // 2

    fig, axes = plt.subplots(num_filts, 1, sharex=True, figsize=(9.6, 8))
    t = torch.linspace(-half, half - 1, window_size)
    for ax, ir, coff, color in zip(axes, irs, cutoff, plt.cm.tab10.colors):
        ax.plot(t, ir, linewidth=1.2, color=color, zorder=4, label=f"Cutoff: {coff}")
        ax.legend(loc=(1.05, 0.2), handletextpad=0, handlelength=0)
        ax.grid(True)
    fig.suptitle(
        "Impulse response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies\n"
        "(Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)"
    )
    axes[-1].set_xticks([i * half // 4 for i in range(-4, 5)])
    fig.tight_layout()
plot_sinc_ir(irs, cutoff)
Impulse response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

频率响应

接下来,让我们看看频率响应。简单地对脉冲响应应用傅里叶变换将得到频率响应。

frs = torch.fft.rfft(irs, n=2048, dim=1).abs()

让我们可视化生成的频率响应。

def plot_sinc_fr(frs, cutoff, band=False):
    num_filts, num_fft = frs.shape
    num_ticks = num_filts + 1 if band else num_filts

    fig, axes = plt.subplots(num_filts, 1, sharex=True, sharey=True, figsize=(9.6, 8))
    for ax, fr, coff, color in zip(axes, frs, cutoff, plt.cm.tab10.colors):
        ax.grid(True)
        ax.semilogy(fr, color=color, zorder=4, label=f"Cutoff: {coff}")
        ax.legend(loc=(1.05, 0.2), handletextpad=0, handlelength=0).set_zorder(3)
    axes[-1].set(
        ylim=[None, 100],
        yticks=[1e-9, 1e-6, 1e-3, 1],
        xticks=torch.linspace(0, num_fft, num_ticks),
        xticklabels=[f"{i/(num_ticks - 1)}" for i in range(num_ticks)],
        xlabel="Frequency",
    )
    fig.suptitle(
        "Frequency response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies\n"
        "(Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)"
    )
    fig.tight_layout()
plot_sinc_fr(frs, cutoff)
Frequency response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

高通滤波器

高通滤波器可以通过从狄拉克δ函数中减去低通脉冲响应来获得。

high_pass=True 传递给 sinc_impulse_response() 将更改返回的滤波器核为高通滤波器。

irs = sinc_impulse_response(cutoff, window_size=513, high_pass=True)
frs = torch.fft.rfft(irs, n=2048, dim=1).abs()

脉冲响应

plot_sinc_ir(irs, cutoff)
Impulse response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

频率响应

plot_sinc_fr(frs, cutoff)
Frequency response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

带通滤波器

带通滤波器可以通过从较低频段的低通滤波器中减去较高频段的低通滤波器来获得。

cutoff = torch.linspace(0.0, 1, 11)
c_low = cutoff[:-1]
c_high = cutoff[1:]

irs = sinc_impulse_response(c_low, window_size=513) - sinc_impulse_response(c_high, window_size=513)
frs = torch.fft.rfft(irs, n=2048, dim=1).abs()

脉冲响应

coff = [f"{l.item():.1f}, {h.item():.1f}" for l, h in zip(c_low, c_high)]
plot_sinc_ir(irs, coff)
Impulse response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

频率响应

plot_sinc_fr(frs, coff, band=True)
Frequency response of sinc low-pass filter for different cut-off frequencies (Frequencies are relative to Nyquist frequency)

频率采样

我们接下来要研究的方法是从所需的频率响应开始,并通过应用逆傅里叶变换获得脉冲响应。

frequency_impulse_response() 获取频率的(未归一化)幅度分布并从中构建脉冲响应。

但是请注意,生成的脉冲响应不会产生所需的频率响应。

在下文中,我们将创建多个滤波器并比较输入频率响应和实际频率响应。

砖墙滤波器

让我们从砖墙滤波器开始

magnitudes = torch.concat([torch.ones((128,)), torch.zeros((128,))])
ir = frequency_impulse_response(magnitudes)

print("Magnitudes:", magnitudes.shape)
print("Impulse Response:", ir.shape)
Magnitudes: torch.Size([256])
Impulse Response: torch.Size([510])
def plot_ir(magnitudes, ir, num_fft=2048):
    fr = torch.fft.rfft(ir, n=num_fft, dim=0).abs()
    ir_size = ir.size(-1)
    half = ir_size // 2

    fig, axes = plt.subplots(3, 1)
    t = torch.linspace(-half, half - 1, ir_size)
    axes[0].plot(t, ir)
    axes[0].grid(True)
    axes[0].set(title="Impulse Response")
    axes[0].set_xticks([i * half // 4 for i in range(-4, 5)])
    t = torch.linspace(0, 1, fr.numel())
    axes[1].plot(t, fr, label="Actual")
    axes[2].semilogy(t, fr, label="Actual")
    t = torch.linspace(0, 1, magnitudes.numel())
    for i in range(1, 3):
        axes[i].plot(t, magnitudes, label="Desired (input)", linewidth=1.1, linestyle="--")
        axes[i].grid(True)
    axes[1].set(title="Frequency Response")
    axes[2].set(title="Frequency Response (log-scale)", xlabel="Frequency")
    axes[2].legend(loc="center right")
    fig.tight_layout()
plot_ir(magnitudes, ir)
Impulse Response, Frequency Response, Frequency Response (log-scale)

请注意,过渡带周围存在伪影。当窗口尺寸较小时,这更为明显。

magnitudes = torch.concat([torch.ones((32,)), torch.zeros((32,))])
ir = frequency_impulse_response(magnitudes)
plot_ir(magnitudes, ir)
Impulse Response, Frequency Response, Frequency Response (log-scale)

任意形状

magnitudes = torch.linspace(0, 1, 64) ** 4.0
ir = frequency_impulse_response(magnitudes)
plot_ir(magnitudes, ir)
Impulse Response, Frequency Response, Frequency Response (log-scale)
magnitudes = torch.sin(torch.linspace(0, 10, 64)) ** 4.0
ir = frequency_impulse_response(magnitudes)
plot_ir(magnitudes, ir)
Impulse Response, Frequency Response, Frequency Response (log-scale)

参考文献

脚本的总运行时间:(0 分钟 5.247 秒)

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